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Robert D. Kaplan
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Robert D. Kaplan (born 1952) is an American journalist, currently a National Correspondent for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in The Washington Post, The New York Times, The New Republic, The National Interest, and The Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications, and his more controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government. A frequent theme in his work is the reemergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War.
[edit] Biography
Robert Kaplan was born on 23 June 1952 in a Jewish New York family, son of the late Philip Alexander Kaplan and Phyllis Quasha. Kaplan's father was a truck driver for the New York Daily News and instilled in Kaplan a love of history at an early age. He was accepted to the University of Connecticut on a swimming scholarship and received a B.A. in English.
After graduating from the University of Connecticut in 1973, Kaplan applied unsuccessfully to several big-city newsrooms but eventually found employment as a reporter for the Rutland Herald in Vermont before buying a one-way plane ticket to Tunisia. Over the next several years he lived in Israel, where he joined the army,[1] traveled and reported on Eastern Europe and the Middle East, lived for some time in Portugal and eventually settled down in Athens, Greece, where he met his Portuguese wife Maria Cabral.
[edit] Foreign correspondent career
In 1984, he traveled to Iraq to cover the Iran–Iraq War. He first worked as a freelance foreign correspondent reporting on Eastern Europe and the Middle East, but slowly expanded his coverage to all regions ignored in the popular press. His first book, Surrender or Starve: The Wars Behind The Famine (1988) contended the famine in Ethiopia in the 1980s was more complex than just drought and Cold War US foreign policy, pointing the blame instead to the collectivization carried out by the Mengistu regime.
Kaplan then went to Afghanistan to write about the guerrilla war against the Soviet Union for Reader's Digest. Two years after writing Surrender or Starve, he wrote and published Soldiers of God: With the Mujahidin in Afghanistan (1990) in which he recounted his experiences during the Soviet-Afghan War.
[edit] Balkan Ghosts and The Arabists
Neither of these books sold very well, and Kaplan's third book, Balkan Ghosts, was rejected by several editors before being published in 1993. At first, it did not sell very well. But when the Yugoslav Wars broke out, President Bill Clinton was seen with Kaplan's book tucked under his arm, and White House insiders and aides said the book convinced the President against intervention in Bosnia. Kaplan's book contended that the conflicts in the Balkans were based on ancient hatreds beyond any outside control. Kaplan criticized the administration for using the book to justify non-intervention, but his popularity skyrocketed shortly thereafter along with demand for his reporting. That same year, he also published The Arabists.
Kaplan had not set out to influence U.S. foreign policy, but his work began to find a wide readership in high levels of government. Many felt that his reportage strengthened his arguments, as does his frequently-invoked historical perspective. In 1994 and 1995 he set out to travel from West Africa to Turkey, Central Asia to Iran, and India to Southeast Asia and published a travelogue about his journey in The Ends of the Earth. He then traveled across his home country and North America and wrote An Empire Wilderness, published in 1998.
[edit] "The Coming Anarchy"
His article "The Coming Anarchy" published in the Atlantic Monthly in February 1994 about how population increase, urbanization, and resource depletion are undermining fragile governments across the developing world and represent a threat to the developed world was hotly debated and widely translated. New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman called Kaplan one of the "most widely read" authors defining the post-Cold War era, along with Francis Fukuyama, Harvard Professor Samuel Huntington, and Yale Professor Paul Kennedy.[citation needed] Kaplan published the article and other essays in a book with the same title in 2000, which also included the controversial article Was Democracy Just A Moment?, and his travels through the Balkans, Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Middle East at the turn of the millennium were recorded in Eastward to Tartary. Also written in 2000 was another controversial essay entitled "the Dangers of Peace" in which he described an America falling under peacetime's "numbing and corrosive illusion".
Writing in the New York Times, reviewer Richard Bernstein notes that Kaplan "conveys a historically informed tragic sense in recognizing humankind's tendency toward a kind of slipshod, gooey, utopian and ultimately dangerous optimism."[2]
[edit] After 9/11
Demand for Kaplan's unorthodox analysis became more popular after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. In his book Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos, published shortly after 9/11, Kaplan offered the opinion that political and business leaders should discard Christian/Jewish morality in public decision-making in favor of a pagan morality focused on the morality of the result rather than the morality of the means. He also published a pure travel book titled Mediterranean Winter.
Kaplan's book Imperial Grunts: The American Military On The Ground, was published in October 2005. In it, Kaplan tells of US Special Forces on the ground across the globe in Colombia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Afghanistan and Iraq. Kaplan predicts that the age of mass infantry warfare is probably over and has said that the conflict in Iraq caught the U.S. Army in between being a "dinosaur" and a "light and lethal force of the future." Kaplan sees large parts of the world where the US military is operating as "injun country" which must be civilized by the same methods used to subdue the American Frontier in the 1800s. He also praises the revival of Confederate military virtue in the US armed forces. Kaplan was embedded with U.S. troops in Iraq and wrote an often-cited report for the Atlantic Monthly entitled "Five Days in Fallujah" about the spring 2004 campaign. In June 2005 he wrote the cover story for the Atlantic Monthly titled "How We Would Fight China", which suggests the inevitability of a Cold War-type situation between the US and China. In October 2006 he wrote "When North Korea Falls" for the same magazine in which he examines the prospect of North Korea's collapse and the effect on the balance of power in Asia in favor of China.
In addition to his journalism, Kaplan has been a consultant to the U.S. Army's Special Forces Regiment, the United States Marines, and the United States Air Force. He has lectured at military war colleges, the FBI, the National Security Agency, the Pentagon's Joint Chiefs of Staff, major universities, the CIA, and business forums, and has appeared on PBS, NPR, C-Span, and Fox News. He is a senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute. He is the recipient of the 2001 Greenway-Winship Award for Excellence in international reporting. In 2002, he was awarded the United States State Department Distinguished Public Service Award. From 2006 to 2008 Kaplan was the Class of 1960 Distinguished Visiting Professor in National Security at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis. He is currently a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security.
Kaplan's next book reflects his continuing interest and focus on the US Armed Forces. Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground was published in September 2007 by Random House. He lives with his wife Maria and their son in Massachusetts.
[edit] Praise and criticism of Kaplan
"Whether Kaplan draws the right conclusions from his travels, he certainly reports authoritatively on conditions in far-flung places. He has been everywhere... Certainly, Kaplan makes fresh observations." -- Rex Roberts
"Kaplan, over his career, appears to have become someone who is too fond of war. "It could be said," he has written, "that occasional small wars and occupations are good for us." He's expanded on this topic: those "occasional wars" are "evidence of humanity." This is because "peaceful times are also superficial times."" -- David Lipsky[1]
"As a piece of travel literature alone, 'The Ends of the Earth' succeeds in providing a tangible sense of the sweaty, smelly reality of many exotic points on the map, with glimpses of their cruelty but also, occasionally, of beauty and human kindness. As a piece of analysis, it is deeply thought-provoking." -- Francis Fukuyama
"If Kaplan is a romantic, he is also a populist and a reactionary." -- Andrew J. Bacevich
"Mr. Kaplan is the first traveler to take us on a journey to the jagged places where these tectonic plates meet, and his argument--that our future is being shaped far away 'at the ends of the earth'--makes his travelogue pertinent and compelling reading." -- Michael Ignatieff
"This is breathtaking. Here is a serious writer in 2005 admiring the Indian wars, which in their brutality brought about the end of an entire American civilization." -- David Rieff in The New Republic
"Kaplan offers no vision, no strategy, nothing beyond accurate descriptions of the current state of warfare inside the Gap. He is the global war on terror's best sideline reporter, but he's the wrong source to cite on how to run the entire franchise." -- Thomas P. M. Barnett
"The dire conclusion about coming anarchy seems overdrawn... Still, Mr. Kaplan's bold assertions do concentrate the mind. 'The Coming Anarchy' is informed by a rock-solid, unwavering realism and an utter absence of sentimentality." -- Richard Bernstein[2]
"This remarkable man has found himself a large and sometimes powerful audience, and he is determined to convey some very practical, big-picture warnings to the more efficacious members of that audience before they get us all into terrible trouble. We should pay close attention, and hope for a reduced accident rate." -- Adam Garfinkle[3]
"Because he specializes in exploring the San Andreas faults of the modern geopolitical system, his books have had more influence on politicians and policy makers than most travel writing." -- Adam Garfinkle
"Robert Kaplan is a vigorous reporter who thinks on his feet, often invoking historical perspective, but never staying still, always voraciously searching for the outlines of the future in his restless travelogues, as he calls his works." -- Suzannah Lessard
“Kaplan places him where he himself would like to stand, with the realists of this world against the idealists, with the tough-minded pagans of antiquity against the soft-minded strand of Christianity and its offshoots that too often shape modern thought and policy in the West.” - Donald Kagan[4]
"Robert Kaplan set himself up to be the Kipling of the Empire that wasn't." - Thomas Grossman
"“Nobody except the ultra-right wing jingoists like Kaplan is comparing atrocities by various countries. What honest people are saying, is that we should pay attention to our own crimes, and stop committing them. … the just cause for people like Kaplan is: 'we did it, therefore it’s a just cause.' You can read that in the Nazi archives too.” Hot Type Transcript: Noam Chomsky "9-11"_Interview April 16, 2002[5][6][7]
[edit] Books by Kaplan
- Robert D. Kaplan (2003-11-11). Surrender or Starve: Travels in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. Vintage. ISBN 1400034523. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1400034523/. , published September 1988, reprinted November 2003
- Robert D. Kaplan (2001-11). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage. ISBN 1400030250. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1400030250/. (also titled Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan), published February 1990, reprinted November 2001
- Robert D. Kaplan (2005-05-01). Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador. ISBN 0312424930. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312424930/. , published February 1993, reprinted March 1994
- Robert D. Kaplan (1995-07-01). Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite. Free Press. ISBN 0028740238. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0028740238/. , published September 1993
- Robert D. Kaplan (2001-06). The The Ends of the Earth: From Togo to Turkmenistan, from Iran to Cambodia--A Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy. Peter Smith Pub Inc. ISBN 084467124X. http://www.amazon.com/dp/084467124X/The. , published February 1996, republished January 2000
- Robert D. Kaplan (1999-09-07). An Empire Wilderness: Travels into America's Future. Vintage. ISBN 0679776877. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0679776877/. , published August 1998
- Robert D. Kaplan (2001-02-13). The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War. Vintage. ISBN 037570759X. http://www.amazon.com/dp/037570759X/. , published January 2000
- Robert D. Kaplan (2001-10). Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus. Vintage. ISBN 0375705767. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0375705767/. , published November 2000
- Robert D. Kaplan (2003-01-07). Warrior Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos. Vintage. ISBN 0375726276. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0375726276/Warrior. , published December 2001
- Robert D. Kaplan (2004-02-03). Mediterranean Winter: The Pleasures of History and Landscape in Tunisia, Sicily, Dalmatia, and Greece. Random House. ISBN 037550804X. http://www.amazon.com/dp/037550804X/. , published February 2004
- Robert D. Kaplan (2006-09-12). Imperial Grunts: On the Ground with the American Military, from Mongolia to the Philippines to Iraq and Beyond. Vintage. ISBN 1400034574. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1400034574/. , published September 2005
- Robert D. Kaplan (2007-09-04). Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground. Random House. ISBN 1400061334. http://www.amazon.com/dp/1400061334/. , published September 2007
Contributions to Other Editions
[edit] Trivia
Kaplan is unrelated to journalist Fred Kaplan, with whom he is occasionally confused. He is also sometimes confused with neoconservative scholar Robert Kagan.[8]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Lipsky, David. “Appropriating the Globe”, The New York Times, November 27, 2005. Accessed 24 April, 2007
- ^ a b Bernstein, Richard “The Coming Anarchy: Dashing Hopes of Global Harmony”, The New York Times, February 23, 2000. Accessed 21 May, 2007.
- ^ Garfinkle, Adam “The Sky is Always Falling”, The New York Times, 19 March, 2000. Accessed 21 May, 2007.
- ^ Kagan, Donald “Saber Rattling for Democracy ”, The New York Times, February 3, 2002. Accessed 2 July, 2007.
- ^ Hot Type on the Middle East, Noam Chomsky interviewed by Evan Solomon at www.chomsky.info
- ^ Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 1 of 2) at YouTube
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/programs/sites/hottype_chomsky911.html#part3
- ^ Slate Online “No Relation No. 13: The Foreign Policy Edition”, October 31, 2001.
[edit] External links
- Coming Anarchy - a leading foreign affairs blog inspired by the ideas of Kaplan.
- Robert Kaplan interview, The American Enterprise, January/February 2006.
- "Robert Kaplan: Empire Without Apologies" by Andrew J. Bacevich, The Nation Magazine, September 26, 2005
- Euphorias of Perrier: The Case Against Robert D. Kaplan, by Tom Bissell, Virginia Quarterly Review, Summer 2006.
- Contemporary Issues of American National Security - by Alexander Besant, The Yale Journal of International Affairs, February, 2008
- Video: Hog Pilots, Blue Water Grunts: The American Military in the Air, at Sea, and on the Ground
Entradas
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