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Nazgûl 
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In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, the Nazgûl (from Black Speech nazg, "ring", and gûl, "wraith, spirit"; also called Ringwraiths, Ring-wraiths, Black Riders, Dark Riders, the Nine Riders, or simply the Nine) were nine men who succumbed to Sauron's power and attained near-immortality as wraiths, servants bound to the power of the One Ring. They are first mentioned in his book The Lord of the Rings, originally published in 1954–1955. The book calls the Nazgûl Sauron's "most terrible servants."
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[edit] In Tolkien's Writings
[edit] Ringwraiths
According to Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the Nazgûl arose as Sauron's most powerful servants in the Second Age of Middle-earth. They were once mortal Men, three being "great lords" of Númenor. Sauron gave each of them one of the nine Rings of Power. Sauron also gave seven Rings of Power to the Dwarves, and Celebrimbor forged three, untainted by Sauron's evil, for the Elves. It was Sauron's design to control all these rings and their bearers through the One Ring, forged in secret for this purpose, but only the Nine succumbed completely to its power:
Those who used the Nine Rings became mighty in their day, kings, sorcerers, and warriors of old. They obtained glory and great wealth, yet it turned to their undoing. They had, as it seemed, unending life, yet life became unendurable to them. They could walk, if they would, unseen by all eyes in this world beneath the sun, and they could see things in worlds invisible to mortal men; but too often they beheld only the phantoms and delusions of Sauron. And one by one, sooner or later, according to their native strength and to the good or evil of their wills in the beginning, they fell under the thraldom of the ring that they bore and of the domination of the One which was Sauron's. And they became forever invisible save to him that wore the Ruling Ring, and they entered into the realm of shadows. The Nazgûl were they, the Ringwraiths, the Ulairi, the Enemy's most terrible servants; darkness went with them, and they cried with the voices of death — The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age", 346
The corrupting effect of the rings extended the bearers' earthly lives far beyond their normal lifespans. The exact disposition of their rings at the time of the LOTR is somewhat confused. Some passages in the novel suggest that the Nazgûl wore their rings, while others suggest that Sauron actually held them.
When Gandalf first teaches Frodo about the Rings of Power he says "The Nine he had gathered to himself; the Seven also, or else they are destroyed. The Three are hidden still." [1] This suggests that Sauron is in possession of the nine rings. Also, Galadriel tells Frodo, "You saw the Eye of him that holds the Seven and the Nine." However, at The Council of Elrond, Gandalf says "The Nine the Nazgûl keep."
In other works, however, Tolkien says explicitly that Sauron held the rings:
They would have obeyed . . . any minor command of his that did not interfere with their errand - laid upon them by Sauron, who still through their nine rings (which he held) had primary control of their wills . . . — The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 246
They were by far the most powerful of his servants, and the most suitable for such a mission, since they were entirely enslaved to their Nine Rings, which he now himself held . . . — Unfinished Tales, p. 338
The lack of mention of a ring when the Witch-king is destroyed, or of Frodo seeing rings on the hands of the Nazgûl when he is attacked on Weathertop are consistent with Sauron holding the rings. Gandalf's speech at the Council is the only contradictory statement, but seems a clear, and direct, contradiction. It is possible that the idea of Sauron keeping the rings is a later concept, coming after the completion of the novel (as do the letter cited and Unfinished Tales). There is no mention of when or where Sauron would have reclaimed the rings from the Nazgûl.
[edit] Appearance, weapons and powers
The Nazgûl did wear their rings long enough so that their bodily forms faded until they had become entirely invisible to mortal eyes. They assumed visible form only with their black attire. During the assault on Minas Tirith, the leader of The Nine casts back his hood to reveal a crown, but the head it rests on is invisible. While wearing the One Ring, Frodo perceives them as pale figures, robed in white, wearing crowns and with "haggard hands".
In The Fellowship of the Ring they are armed with steel swords, while their leader, the Witch-king of Angmar, wields a Morgul blade that could turn its victim into a wraith. During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the Witch-king bears a "long pale sword", and later uses a mace against Éowyn.
The Lord of the Nazgûl practices black sorcery, and uses it to break the gates of Minas Tirith. But Tolkien said of the Nazgûl ". . . their chief weapon was terror. This was actually greater when they were unclad and invisible; and it was greater also when they were gathered together." [2] They exude an aura of fear. Early in the novel it is a sense of unease or dread. By the end it has risen to a miasma that induces terror, despair, and loss of physical control, even at distance:
The Nazgûl came again . . . like vultures that expect their fill of doomed men's flesh. Out of sight and shot they flew, and yet were ever present, and their deadly voices rent the air. More unbearable they became, not less, at each new cry. At length even the stout-hearted would fling themselves to the ground as the hidden menace passed over them, or they would stand, letting their weapons fall from nerveless hands while into their minds a blackness came, and they thought no more of war, but only of hiding and of crawling, and of death. — The Return of the King, p.97
The wordless cries of the Nazgûl seem to amplify their terror. Close or prolonged encounters with a Nazgûl cause unconsciousness and nightmares, an effect known as "the Black Breath". Aragorn uses the fictional herb athelas to treat victims of the Black Breath including Frodo, Faramir, Éowyn, and Merry.
[edit] History within legendarium
The Nazgûl first appeared around S.A. 2251, less than three centuries after the rings were forged, and were soon established as Sauron's principal servants. They were dispersed after the first overthrow of Sauron in 3441 at the hands of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, but their survival was assured since the One Ring survived.
They re-emerged around T.A. 1300, when the Witch-king led Sauron's forces against the successor kingdoms of Arnor: Rhudaur, Cardolan and Arthedain. He effectively destroyed all the successor kingdoms, but was defeated in 1975 and returned to Mordor. There he gathered the other Nazgûl in preparation for the return of Sauron to that realm.
In 2000, the Nazgûl besieged Minas Ithil and after two years captured it and acquired its palantír for the Dark Lord. The city thereafter became Minas Morgul, the stronghold of the Nazgûl. Sauron returned to Mordor in 2942 and declared himself openly in 2951. Two or three of the Nazgûl (led by the Second of the Nine) were sent to garrison Dol Guldur, his fortress in Mirkwood.
By 3017, near the beginning of the story told in The Lord of the Rings, Sauron had learned from Gollum that "Baggins of the Shire" had the One Ring in his possession. Sauron entrusted its recovery to the Nazgûl, his most trusted servants. They reappeared "west of the River", riding black horses that were bred or trained in Mordor to endure their terror. They learned that the Ring had passed to Bilbo's heir, Frodo. Five of them cornered Frodo and his company at Weathertop, where the Witch-king stabbed Frodo in the arm with the Morgul blade, breaking off a piece of the blade in the hobbit's flesh. When all Nine were swept away by the waters of the river Bruinen, their horses were drowned, and the Ringwraiths were forced to return to Mordor to regroup.
In 3018 the nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring left Rivendell as the "Nine Walkers", in opposition to the Nazgûl, the "Nine Riders". The latter reappeared mounted on hideous flying beasts (reminiscent of — and in part suggested by — pterodactyls);[3][4] they were then called Winged Nazgûl.
During the Battle of the Pelennor Fields the Witch-king himself was slain by Éowyn and Merry: Merry's surreptitious stroke with an enchanted Barrow-blade drove the Witch-king to his knees, allowing Éowyn, the niece of Théoden, to drive her sword between his crown and mantle. Thus was the Witch-king destroyed by a woman and a hobbit, fulfilling the prophecy that "not by the hand of man will he fall".[5] Both weapons that pierced him disintegrated, and both assailants were stricken with the Black Breath.
The remaining eight Ringwraiths attacked the Army of the West during the last battle at the Black Gate. But when Frodo put on the Ring near the fires of Mount Doom, Sauron quickly ordered the eight to fly to intercept him. They arrived too late: the Ring fell into the Cracks of Doom, and the Nazgûl perished with its destruction.
[edit] Adaptations
The Nazgûl are featured in all adaptations of The Lord of the Rings on radio, film, and stage.
In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film version of The Lord of the Rings, the Nazgûl hack and slash the hobbits' beds at The Prancing Pony inn themselves. In the book, the attackers are not precisely identified, but Tolkien implies that the attack was carried out by agents of the Nazgûl, possibly including one Bill Ferny, not the Nazgûl themselves (though they were present in the town).[6]
In the Rankin-Bass adaptation of Return of the King, the Nazgûl are robed skeletons with white hair.
In the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, the Nazgûl can be heard chanting the Ring-inscription. [1]
In the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003) by Peter Jackson, the Nazgûl also attack the inn themselves. Emphasis is given to their loud shrieks, which are made deafening, and their use of the fell beasts in battle is expanded, notably at the siege of Minas Tirith, when they destroy numerous trebuchets and kill many soldiers. The cries of the Nazgûl as interpreted in Peter Jackson's films are mixed from that of his partner and co-screenwriter, Fran Walsh.
[edit] In other media
The Nazgûl are featured in many products based on Tolkien's writings and more recently, the Jackson films.
Some examples include the real-time strategy computer games The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring, not based on the Jackson films, and The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth and its sequels,The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II and its expansion pack The Rise of the Witch-king, which are based on the films.
In The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring the Witch-king is a hero for the Evil faction, similar to the movie-based games (whose evil factions are realm-specific). In The Rise of the Witch-king there are three named Ringwraiths: the Witch-king, Khamûl, and "Morgomir", Lieutenant of Carn Dûm. The last Ringwraith's name is invented for the game, developed by Electronic Arts.
In the massive multiplayer online role-playing game The Lord of the Rings Online, the Nazgûl, in particular the Witch-king, play a prominent part in the storyline; the premise of the game at release is to fight the armies of the Witch-king in his realm of Angmar.
In the Middle-earth Collectible Card Game produced by Iron Crown Enterprises, most of the Nazgûl had invented names, shared with Middle-earth Role Playing by the same company. Liz Danforth created the art for each of the Nazgûl in the game.
George R. R. Martin's novel The Armageddon Rag is about a fictional rock band named the Nazgûl. The band's manager and promoter is referred to as Sauron, its lead singer is nicknamed Hobbit, and its logo is an Eye of Mordor. Many of its song and album titles make reference to Tolkien's Middle-earth.
The term Ringwraith is used in the song "The Battle of Evermore" by popular classic rock band Led Zeppelin, in the line "the ringwraiths ride in black".
The Ringwraiths appear in the game Angband and many of its variants under the names "Uvatha the Horseman", "Adunaphel the Quiet", "Akhorahil the Blind", "Ren the Unclean", "Ji Indur Dawndeath", "Dwar, Dog Lord of Waw", "Hoarmurath of Dir", "Khamûl, the Black Easterling" and "The Witch-King of Angmar". They are amongst the nastiest of the opponents within the game.
[edit] Names, titles and terms
The rarely used Quenya word for the Nazgûl is Úlairi (a plural); from this a Sindarin form Ulaer has been conjectured.
They are also called the Fell Riders and the Black Wings (when they ride the fell beasts), as well as the Shadows, the Servants of Sauron, and the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings. The Orcs of the Tower of Cirith Ungol call them Shriekers.
In her duel with the Witch-king, Éowyn calls him a "dwimmerlaik". This is a word in the speech of Rohan (translated into Anglo-Saxon) that Tolkien glosses in the index as a "work of necromancy", a "spectre".
Only two of the Nazgûl are named or identified individually in Tolkien's works. Their leader was the Witch-king of Angmar, and his second in command was named Khamûl, the "black Easterling" or the "shadow of the East".[7] Tolkien stated that three of them were great Númenórean lords;[8] in his notes for translators, Tolkien speculates that the Witch-king was of Númenórean origin.[9] Khamûl was a lord of the Easterlings, and the only Nazgûl whose name is given.
[edit] Names not due to Tolkien
The early Middle-earth Role Playing games (and material derived from them) name the eight other than Khamûl; Er-Murazor (the Witch-king, of Númenórean race), Dwar of Waw, Ji Indur Dawndeath, Akhorahil (Númenórean), Hoarmurath of Dir, Adûnaphel the Quiet (female Númenórean), Ren the Unclean and Uva the Horseman,[10] but none of these names come from Tolkien. In the context of the books, it is unlikely that any of the Nazgûl would have been female.
In the Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game, chiefly based on the Jackson films, the Nazgûl are called The Witch King, Úlairë Attëa (The Easterling), Úlairë Nelya, Úlairë Cantëa, Úlairë Lemenya, Úlairë Enquëa, Úlairë Otsëa, Úlairë Toldëa and Úlairë Nertëa. These are not new names: Úlairë in Quenya means "Ringwraith", and the second word is simply a number from two to nine.
For the expansion to its real-time strategy game The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II, The Rise of the Witch-king — chiefly based on the Jackson films and building much upon the original writings — Electronic Arts invented the name Morgomir for one of the Nazgûl. This appears to be a pastiche of the Sindarin words Morgoth ("Dark Enemy") and mîr ("jewel"); it is not attested in Tolkien's Elvish languages.
In The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, the Witch-king and Khamûl the Easterling retain the titles Tolkien gave them. The other seven are given honorific titles emphasising aspects of how they are used in the game: the Dark Marshall, the Shadow King, the Undying, the Tainted, the Betrayer, the Knight of Umbar and the Dwimmerlaik.
[edit] Steeds
After losing their horses at the Ford of Bruinen, the Nazgûl returned to Mordor and reappeared mounted on hideous flying beasts. The author described these flying creatures as "fell beasts", but this is a description rather than a name: "fell" is used archaically, as an adjective meaning "fierce" or "cruel". Tolkien applies the adjective "fell" to a variety of other creatures throughout The Lord of the Rings. In a private letter he calls these creatures "Nazgûl-birds".[11] Though technically incorrect, "fell beast" has been adopted as a name for these creatures in derivative works such as the The Battle for Middle-earth computer game series.
The flying steeds figure prominently in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, where the Witch-king of Angmar, the Lord of the Nazgûl, rides one against King Théoden of Rohan. Tolkien describes the Witch-king's mount thus:
"...it was a winged creature: if bird, then greater than all other birds, and it was naked, and neither quill nor feather did it bear, and its vast pinions were as webs of hide between horned fingers; and it stank. A creature of an older world maybe it was...." [12]
A few paragraphs later it is said to attack with "beak and claw".[12]
Tolkien once wrote that he "did not intend the steed of the Witch-king to be what is now called a 'pterodactyl'", while acknowledging that it was "obviously ... pterodactylic and owes much" to the "new ... mythology of the 'Prehistoric'", and might even be "a last survivor of older geological eras."[13]
In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings, one of the Nazgûl is shown riding these creatures. In the Rankin-Bass 1980 animated version of The Return of the King, the Nazgûl ride winged horses, although the Lord of the Nazgûl does ride a creature more in line with the book when he confronts Éowyn. In Peter Jackson's film trilogy based on The Lord of the Rings, all nine Nazgûl are shown onscreen riding them. Jackson's creatures explicitly differ from Tolkien's description in that they have teeth instead of beaks. They are used by the Nazgûl in battle more extensively than in the book. As confirmed in the films' audio commentary, the design of the creatures was based largely on illustrations by the popular Middle-earth artist John Howe.
[edit] References
- ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, p.61, ISBN 0-395-48931-8
- ^ Unfinished Tales, p. 343
- ^ The Return of the King, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields", p. 822.
- ^ Humphrey Carpenter, editor, The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 211, p. 282.
- ^ The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, I iv, p. 412.
- ^ "In dark and loneliness they are strongest; they will not openly attack a house where there are lights and many people — not until they are desperate, not while all the long leagues of Eriador still lie before us. But their power is in terror, and already some in Bree are in their clutch. They will drive these wretches to some evil work: Ferny, and some of the strangers, and, maybe, the gatekeeper too." Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "Strider", ISBN 0-395-08254-4
- ^ Unfinished Tales, Index, entry for Khamûl, p. 448.
- ^ "Yet Sauron was ever guileful, and it is said that among those whom he ensnared with the Nine Rings three were great lords of Númenórean race." The Silmarillion, "The Akallabêth", p.267.
- ^ Tolkien writes: "the name and origin of the Witch-king is not recorded, but he was probably of Númenórean descent." Wayne G. Hammond & Christina Scull, The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 20. The relevant passage was later removed by Tolkien from the notes for translators, and does not appear in the version published in Jared Lobdell's A Tolkien Compass.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Arda. "What were the names of the nine Nazgûl?"
- ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #100, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
- ^ a b Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields", ISBN 0-395-08256-0
- ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, #211, ISBN 0-395-31555-7
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