JUEGOS VIKINGOS: Hnefatafl

Fuente:

http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/learning/boardgame.html

Información:



(ALSO HNEFTAFL)

This is an old Norse game that is found in many Viking and Norse sites. It consists of a board (which can be cardboard or even paper) and game pieces. Students can make their own board and playing pieces and challenge each other to games until there are two champions of the class. The appendix includes a starting board layout and information on the game. The Old Norse played and a lot of board and card games in the winter. Can you guess why?

Hnefatafl (or hneftafl) [Nhev-eh-TAH-full] means the "king's board or game". It is older than chess and like chess is a game of strategy.

SET-UP: Hnefatafl simulates a Viking raid. The attackers are situated along the four sides, each side representing a ship. The king and the defenders are located in the middle of the board.

On the set-up diagram (above) attacking warriors are represented by the horizontal striped circles while the defenders are vertically striped. The king (in the middle) is represented by the dotted piece. There are twice as many attackers as defenders.

For our game, the attackers are made of antler disks, the defenders of glass drops, and the king is pewter.

The attackers' goal is to capture the king. The defenders goal is to help the king escape to safety. To win the battle, the attackers must trap the king so he can't move.

This can be done by surrounding the king on all four sides of the center square.

The king can also be trapped on three sides against the center square. Only the king can stay on the center square although another piece can move through it.

The defenders win when the king gets safely to one of the corners (king's squares).

Players play only one piece at a turn.

All pieces move in straight lines, either vertically or horizontally - no diagonal moves permitted. You can move as many squares as you like but can't jump!

Only the king can move onto the king's squares, the center square and the corner squares.

You can eliminate a standing piece by sandwiching it between two opponents. You can also defeat a player piece by sandwiching it between a corner square and the opponent.

Webs de Referencia (99) :: Icelandic Saga Database

Enlace:

http://www.sagadb.org/

Texto de información:

Welcome to the Icelandic Saga Database

saga n : a narrative telling the adventures of a hero or a family; originally, a story of the families that settled Iceland and their descendants.

The Icelandic Saga Database is an online resource dedicated to the digital publication of the Sagas of the Icelanders -- a large body of medieval literature which forms the foundation of the Icelandic literary tradition. The sagas are prose histories describing events that took place amongst the Norse and Celtic inhabitants of Iceland during the period of the Icelandic Commonwealth in the 10th and 11th centuries AD.

Latest updates

10.01.2009: Hrafnkels saga update

Hrafnkels saga is now available with Old Norse spelling.

23.04.2008: Norwegian Laxdæla

Laxdæla saga now available in Norwegian translation.

21.04.2008: PDF format

All sagas are now available in PDF format, with a table of contents. To access a saga in PDF format, press the left-most control button on the page for the saga. All the sagas can be downloaded in PDF format on the Downloads page.

01.03.2008: Icelandic

Icelandic language interface is now available. Interface language can be selected in the top right menu bar.

18.01.2008: New major saga

Hrafnkels saga is now available in English translation

The sagas are believed to have been written in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD, perhaps originating in an oral tradition of storytelling. While their facticity and authorship is for the most part unknown, they are a widely recognized gem of world literature thanks to their sparse, succinct prose style and balanced storytelling. The sagas focus largely on history, especially genealogical and family history, and reflect the struggles and conflicts that arose amongst the second and third generations of Norse settlers in medieval Iceland, which was in this time a remote, decentralised society with a rich legal tradition but no organized executive power.

This website contains all the extant Icelandic family sagas. The sagas are made available in an easy, readable format using modernized Icelandic spelling, with the Old Norse versions and translations into English and other languages made available where these exist in the public domain.

OLD NORSE NAME FORMATION

Fuente:

http://hem.passagen.se/peter9/gram/l_namn.html

Información:

NAME FORMATION The names used by the viking age scandinavians tells us quite a lot about them and their ways, since I do not think that any peace loving people would name their little newborn daughters "Battle" or "Sword goddess" - that's what the names Hildr and Hjördís mean. Old norse names do have a meaning, i.e. a meaning that still must have been appearant to those who used them, not a meaning that was totally unknown and irrelevant to them, as are the meanings of most modern western names. But still, some names do not make any sense. Many names are put together from two parts, and some of these composite names appear quite sensible, whereas others do not. A name like Ingvarr means "Ingr warrior", i.e. "the warrior of (the god) Ingr", and Geirhildr means "spear battle", but on the other hand there are names like Sigsteinn "victory stone" and ..., and what about Jóbjörn - "The horse bear"? What were on his parents' minds? The ancient scandinavians didn't have last names in the modern sense. Their only real name was their first name, but since there could be a lot of people called Óláfr or Inga in the same area, something more was often needed to identify a person, and then they could either use a nickname, a patronym or a title. People did not have and use titles like in many countries today, they were just used for identification, to separate king Óláfr - Óláfr konungr - from the blacksmith Óláfr - Óláfr smiðr. Patronyms were composed from the father's name (in the genitive case) and the word for either 'son' or 'daughter', i.e. if one Óláfr was the son of Björn and one son of Ingi, they could be called Óláfr Bjarnarson and Óláfr Ingason, and if they each had a sister called Inga, they would be called Inga Bjarnardóttir and Inga Ingadóttir. Nicknames were achieved the same way as today, through some characteristic or deed. An important remark: Gods' names were for gods only! No humans were called Þórr! Here are some name prefixes and suffixes, that can be put together into composite names. The prefixes are (in theory) the same for both sexes, but the suffixes are either masculine (for men) or feminine (for women). NB: Names are inflected the same way as other nouns! Prefixes (for both men and women) Al- 'all' Álf- 'elf' Arn- 'eagle' Ás- 'god' Auð- 'wealth' Björn- 'bear' Brynj- (Bryn- before consonants) 'coat of mail' Böð- (Böðv- before vowel) 'battle' Ei- (also Ey-) 'always' (or a form of Ein- 'only') Ein- (Ei- before l,r,m,n) 'one, only' Ey- (also Ei-) 'always' Far- 'travel' Fast- 'steady' Frey- 'Frey' (a god) Frið- 'peace' Geir- 'spear' Grím- '...' Gunn- 'battle' Há- 'high' Há- (see Höð-) Hall- 'hall' Har- (see Her-) Her- (also Har-) (Herj- before vowel) 'army' Hjalm- 'helmet' Hjör- 'sword' Hloð- 'fame, glory' Holm- 'islet' Hring- 'ring' Hróð- (Hró- before r and l) 'glory' Höð- (also Há-) 'battle' Ing- (also Ingi-) 'Ingr' (a god) Ingi- (Ingv- or Yngv- before vowel) 'Ingr' (a god) Jó- 'horse' Jór- 'boar' Jöfur- 'boar' Ketil- 'kettle' Odd- 'point, tip' Óðin- 'Óðinn' (the god Oden) Ótt- 'fear' Ragn- 'power' Rand- 'shield edge' Sig- 'victory' Skjöld- 'shield' Svan- 'swan' Þjóð- 'people' Þór- or Þor- 'Þórr' (the god Thor) Úlf- 'wolf' Vé- 'holy' Víg- 'battle' Yngv- (see Ing-) Öl- 'ale' Masculine suffixes Feminine suffixes -aldr (see -valdr) -álfr 'elf' masc. a-st. -arr (also -varr) (from proto-norse -harjaR or -warjaR 'warrior') masc. a-st. -arr (see -geirr) -björn 'bear' masc. u-st. -fúss 'eager' masc. a-st. -gautr 'geat' masc. a-st. -geirr 'spear' masc. a-st. -gísl '...' masc. a-st. -hvatr 'brave' masc. a-st. -kell (see -ketill) -ketill (also -kell) masc. a-st. ; syncopated in dat. - Katli -láfr (see -leifr) -lákr (see -leikr) -laugr '...' masc. a-st. -leifr (also -láfr) 'heir' masc. a-st. -leikr (also -lákr) '...' masc. a-st. -marr 'famous' masc. a-st. -móðr '...' masc. a-st. ; gen. -ar -mundr 'power' masc. a-st. ; gen. -ar -olfr (see -ulfr) -rekr (see ríkr) -ráðr '...' mask. a-st. -ríkr (also -rekr) 'mighty' mask. a-st. -steinn 'stone' masc. a-st. -sveinn 'boy, servant' masc. a-st. -tryggr 'faithful' masc. wa-st. -þér 'servant' masc. a-st. -ulfr (also -olfr) 'wulf' -unn (see -vinr) -urðr (see -verðr) -valdr (-aldr after vowels) 'ruler, chief' masc. a-st. -varðr (see -verðr) -varr (also -arr) (from proto-norse -warjaR 'warrior') masc. a-st. -vér 'warrior' masc. a-st. ; (no ending in dat.) -verðr (also -varðr or -urðr) 'guardian, keeper' -vinr (also -unn) 'friend' -björg (also -borg) 'salvation' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -borg (also -biörg) 'salvation' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -dís 'goddess' fem. iô-st. -eiðr (see -heiðr) -elfr 'female elf' fem. iô-st. -fríðr 'beautiful' fem. iô-st. -gerðr 'field' fem. iô-st. -guðr (stem -gunn-) fem. iô-st. -heiðr (or -eiðr after consonant) 'heath' fem. iô-st. -hildr (or -ildr after consonant) 'battle' fem. iô-st. -hvít 'white' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -ildr (see -hildr) -laug '...' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -leif 'heiress' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -löð 'invitation' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -ríðr '...' fem. iô-st. -rún 'secret, rune' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -þrúðr 'power' fem. iô-st. -uðr (stem -unn-) (also -unn) 'loved' fem. iô-st. -unn (also -uðr) 'loved' fem. iô-st. -vé '...' -veig '...' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u -vör '...' fem. ô-st. ; dat. and acc.(!) -u In theory any prefix goes with any suffix. Such composite names can have rather strange meanings, but that does not appear to be a problem. Still, all combinations of prefix and suffix do not occur. When the first and the second part of the composite names meet each other some assimilations occur. In some of the names sound changes have distorted the form of the parts so that they are difficult to identify, and sometimes those changes occured already in the proto-norse language. Since this site is primarily about old norse the historical explanations are at the bottom of the page for those who are interested. Here are some examples of composite names, and, if necessary, what parts they consist of. Their inflection is of course the same as that of their suffixes. Men's names Alrekr Arnbjörn/Ambjörn = Arn- + -björn Arngeirr Arngrímr Ásbjörn Ásgautr Ásgeirr Áskell Ásmundr Ásvaldr Auðunn Bárðr = böð + verðr ? Brynjolfr Eiláfr = Ein- + -leifr/-láfr Einarr = Ein- + -arr Eiríkr/Eirekr = Ein- + -ríkr Eyjolfr Eysteinn Eyvindr Freysteinn Föstulfr Geirmundr Guðlaugr/Gullaugr Guðmundr Gunnarr Hálfr = Höð- + -ulfr Hallvarðr Haraldr = Her- + -valdr Hávarðr Herjolfr = Her- + -ulfr Hervarðr Hjörleifr Hjörvarðr Hloðvér = Hloð- + -vér Hróaldr = Hróð- + -valdr Hróðgeirr/Hróarr = Hróð- + -geirr/-(g)arr Hrólfr = Hróð- + -ulfr Hrollaugr = Hróð- + -laugr Hrómundr = Hróð- + -mundr Hrœrekr = Hróð- + -ríkr Ífarr = Ing- + -arr Ingimarr Ingjaldr = Ingi- + -waldr Óláfr/Óleifr = Ön- + -leifr/-láfr Óláfr = Ön- + -leifr Óleifr = Ön- + -leifr Óttarr = Ótt- + -arr Ragnarr Rögnvaldr Randvér Sigfúss Siggeirr Sighvatr Sigmundr Sigsteinn Sigtryggr Sigurðr/Sigvarðr Styrbjörn = Styr- 'kaos' + -björn Þóraldr Þorarr/Þorgeirr = Þór- + -geirr Þorbjörn Þórðr/Þorvarðr = Þór- + -geirr Þorgeirr/Þórarr = Þór- + -geirr Þorgísl/Þorgils Þorgrímr Þorkell Þorlákr Þorleifr Þormóðr Þorolfr = Þór- + -ulfr Þorsteinn Þorvalðr/Þoraldr Þorvarðr/Þórðr = Þór- + -verðr Vígfúss Yngvarr = Ing- + -arr Øyvindr Önundr Women's names Álfhildr Álöf = Ön- + -leif Arnfríðr Ásleif Áslaug Ástríðr = Ás- + -fríðr Geirþrúðr Guðrún Gunnhildr Gunnlöð Gunnvör Gýríðr/Guðríðr = Guð- + -fríðr Hervör Hjördís Holmfríðr Ingibjörg Ingigerðr Jófríðr Ólof/Ólöf = Ön- + -leif Ragnfríðr Ragnheiðr Ragnhildr Sigríðr = Sig- + -fríðr Sigþrúðr Svanhvít Þordís Þorelfr Þorgerðr Þorguðr/Þorgunnr Þórunn Þuríðr = Þór- + -fríðr There are also single names. Some of them are identical with the suffixes above, others are derived from nouns, verbs or adjectives. Here are some such names. Their inflexion Men's names Bjarni masc. an-st., from björn 'bear' Björn 'bear' masc. u-st. Fasti 'the steady one' (fastr) masc. an-st. Grímr masc. a-st. Helgi 'the holy one' (heilagr) masc. an-st. Hrafn 'raven' masc. a-st. Ingi masc. an-st., from Ing- Karl 'man' masc. a-st. Ketill 'kettle' masc. a-st. Oddr 'point, tip' masc. a-st. Ormr 'snake' masc. a-st. Steinn 'stone' masc. a-st. Sveinn 'young man' masc. a-st. Tryggvi 'the faithful one' (tryggr) masc. an-st. Þórir masc. ia-st., from Þórr Ulfr 'wolf' masc. a-st. Yngvi masc. an-st., from Ingr Women's names Ása fem. ôn-st., from áss Auðr 'wealth' fem. iô-st. Fríðr 'the beautiful one' (fríðr) fem. iô-st. Gunnr/Guðr 'battle' fem. iô-st. Helga 'the holy one' (heilagr) fem. ôn-st. Hildr 'battle' fem. iô-st. Inga fem. ôn-st., from Ing- Þóra fem. ôn-st., from Þórr Ylfa fem. ôn-st., from ulfr Æsa fem. ôn-st., from áss If you want even more names, you can find all the names in the icelandic Landnámabók here, and download a list of all the names in runic inscriptions here. © Peter Pettersson

Imaginación - Bécquer

domingo, 27 de septiembre de 2009

Frase del día
El que tiene imaginación, con qué facilidad saca de la nada un mundo.
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer
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Cualidades - Rochefoucauld

viernes, 25 de septiembre de 2009

Frase del día
La verdadera prueba de que se ha nacido con grandes cualidades estriba en haber nacido sin envidia.
François de la Rochefoucauld
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